Doxa: Doxa is a Greek word meaning common belief or popular opinion, and from which we derive the terms orthodoxy and heterodoxy. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, in his Outline of a Theory of Practice, uses the term Doxa to mean what society takes for granted, what society assumes to be “natural and self-evident”. It is the nature and structure of social fields that determines what can and cannot be said. It is via the sanctions of the social arena in question that censorship is affected. The more effective this censorship is, the less apparent it becomes and the more it appears as the axiomatic, natural ‘way of the world’ of doxa. Most people, most of the time, take themselves and their social world somewhat for granted: they do not think about it because they do not have to. Perrie Bourdieu refers to this as doxa or ‘doxic experience’. The coincidence of the objective structures and the internalized structures which provides the illusion of immediate understanding, characteristic of practical experience of the familiar universe, and which at the same time excludes from that experience any inquiry as to its own conditions of possibility. One important aspect is the doxa is often unsaid, and assumed. It is as productive in “absence” as it is in its verbal “presence”.

Enlightenment: The Age of Enlightenment (or the Age of Reason) marks an elite cultural and intellectual movement in 18th century Europe. Leading philosophers sought to mobilize the power of reason to reform society and advance knowledge. They promoted intellectual interchange through scientific debate, and opposed social intolerance and abuses. It encouraged man to break free from the self-imposed tutelage in relying on traditional forms of knowledge. It called for Man to reject previous authorities such as the church or superstition, and through using reason Man can come to comprehend one’s immediate surroundings. The age, in general, generated a promoting of human rationality, linking truth to science, as a way to understanding the natural and social worlds. Ultimately, it is a way to lead Man to a more enlightened age, a progressive age, characterized by human liberation and equality.

Globalisation: Globalisation is a comprehensive world-wide process of the internationalisation of communication, trade and economic organization. In the economic sphere, we can see globalisation in international trade agreements, and growing economic interdependency. We can also mark Globalisation by the expansion of the size and power of multinational corporations and the development of the American entertainment industry’s domination of international cultural communication. Globalisation has led to the growth of international capitalism and the transformation of the culture and traditionalist structures of non-capitalist and pre-industrial societies.

Laissez Faire: It means ‘to leave alone’, an economic doctrine that government should not interfere in economic regulation unless necessary. It assumes that the competitive system of free markets is the best means of allocation of scarce resources. Those who advocate a Laissez Faire, “Free Market” approach see Government intervention in the market place to regulate economic activity as inefficient.

Liberalism: Liberalism is an ideology that upholds the individual’s right to private property, legal equality, freedom of choice and democratic government. Liberalism suggests that the essence of freedom is for the individual to be free from any collective constraint. It support a minimal government, and hence capitalism. It advocates the principle of free markets, left largely undirected by governments. Liberals place great value on the individual’s equal opportunity and oppose overriding collective voices such as religion, nationalism, and the tyranny of the majority dictating the political decision-making, since they restrict individual choice and deny equal access individual satisfactions.

Libertarianism: A philosophy or belief system that gives priority to the liberty of the individual. May be associated with classical liberalism regarding economic matters or the protection of those negative liberties that declare the right of the individual to be free from interference by the state, or the community, unless the actions of the individual constitute harm to others. For example, the individual has the right to freedom of speech, freedom of association, freedom of religious expression, freedom of contract.